Geographical classification of opium samples from Myanmar and Afghanistan by NMR profiling and chemometrics

Author:

Liu Cui‐Mei1,Jia Wei1,Liu Xue‐Yan2ORCID,Du Yu2ORCID,Hua Zhen‐Dong1

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of Ministry of Public Security Beijing China

2. School of pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China

Abstract

AbstractThis study presents a new strategy to discriminate between opium samples obtained from different geographical regions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiling and chemometrics were applied to geographical classification of opium originating from Myanmar and Afghanistan, which are two major opium producing countries in the world. A total of 50 Myanmar and 46 Afghanistan authentic opium samples were analyzed by 1H‐NMR, and the chemical profiles were characterized. Different sample preparation procedures, data processing methods, and chemometrics were compared to obtain the best classification effect. It was found that drying and the addition of buffer solutions were unnecessary for classification purposes; thus, the gum opium samples were extracted directly with CD3OD, which shortened sample preparation time. A full discrimination between the two geographical origins was achieved by 1H‐NMR profiling and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. All 30 opium samples were classified correctly by the developed orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model. Compared with traditional chromatography and mass spectrometry profiling methods, the 1H‐NMR profiling method was faster (with instrument analysis time of less than 3 min) and reproducible. This study provides new insights into the applying of NMR profiling and chemometrics to rapid drug profiling analysis.

Funder

National Key Research and Development Program of China

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Spectroscopy,Pharmaceutical Science,Environmental Chemistry,Analytical Chemistry

Reference20 articles.

1. Differentiation of opium and poppy straw using capillary electrophoresis and pattern recognition techniques

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3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Myanmar Opium Survey 2022.Cultivation production and implications. Accessed November 20 2023.https://www.unodc.org/documents/cropmonitoring/Myanmar/Myanmar_Opium_Survey_2022.pdf

4. Principal opium alkaloids as possible biochemical markers for the source identification of Indian opium

5. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Recommended method for testing opium morphine and heroin.1998. Accessed November 20 2023.https://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-29-rev1.pdf

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