Polymersomal Poly(I:C) Self‐Magnifies Antitumor Immunity by Inducing Immunogenic Cell Death and Systemic Immune Activation

Abstract

AbstractImmunotherapy has emerged as a powerful weapon against lung cancer, yet only a fraction of patients respond to the treatment. Poly(I:C) (PIC) effectively triggers both innate and adaptive immunity. It can also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells. However, its efficacy is hindered by its instability in vivo and limited cellular uptake. To address this, PIC is encapsulated in cRGD‐functionalized polymersomes (t‐PPIC), which significantly increases its stability and uptake, thus activating dendritic cells (DCs) and inducing apoptosis of lung tumor cells in vitro. In a murine LLC lung tumor model, systemic administration of t‐PPIC effectively suppresses tumor growth and leads to survival benefits, with 40% of the mice becoming tumor‐free. Notably, t‐PPIC provokes stronger apoptosis and ICD in tumor tissue and elicits a more potent stimulation of DCs, recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells, and activation of CD8+ T cells, compared to free PIC and nontargeted PPIC controls. Furthermore, when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors or radiotherapy, t‐PPIC amplifies the antitumor immune response, resulting in complete regression in 60% of the mice. These compelling findings underscore the potential of integrin‐targeted polymersomal PIC to enhance antitumor immunity by simultaneously inducing ICD and systemic immune activation.