Efficacy of bear spray as a deterrent against polar bears

Author:

Wilder James M.1,Mangipane Lindsey S.1,Atwood Todd2,Kochnev Anatoly34,Smith Tom5,Vongraven Dag6

Affiliation:

1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management 1011 E. Tudor Road Anchorage AK 99503 USA

2. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA

3. Russian Academy of Sciences, Far East Branch, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Mammals Ecology Lab, 18 Portovaya Street 685000 Magadan Russia

4. Beringia National Park, 10 Naberezhnaya Dezhneva 89251 Provideniya Russia

5. Wildlife and Wildlands Conservation Program Brigham Young University 5050 Life Sciences Building Provo Utah 84602 USA

6. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Center N‐9296 Tromsø Norway

Funder

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

General Medicine

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