Affiliation:
1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shenzhen Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen 518107 China
2. Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
3. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
4. Institute of Electrical and Microengineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
Abstract
AbstractEnzyme‐enabled biobatteries are promising green options to power the next‐generation of bioelectronics and implantable medical devices. However, existing power sources based on enzymatic biofuel chemistry exhibit limited scale‐down feasibility due to the solid and bulky battery structures. Therefore, miniature and soft alternatives are needed for integration with implants and tissues. Here, a biobattery built from nanolitre droplets, fuelled by the enzyme‐enabled oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, generates electrical outputs and powers ion fluxes in droplet networks. Optimization of the droplet biobattery components ensures a stable output current of ~13,000 pA for over 24 h, representing a more than 600‐fold increase in output over previous approaches, including light‐driven processes. The enzyme‐enabled droplet biobattery opens new avenues in bioelectronics and bioiontronics, exemplified by tasks such as the ability to drive chemical signal transmission in integrated synthetic tissues.
Funder
HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council
HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program
Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province