Use of a cholesterol-rich emulsion that binds to low-density lipoprotein receptors as a vehicle for paclitaxel

Abstract

Abstract A cholesterol-rich emulsion (LDE) is taken up by malignant cells which over-express low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and thus may be used as a carrier for drugs directed against neoplastic cells. In this study, we associated the antineoplastic agent paclitaxel to LDE and analysed the new formulation's incorporation efficiency, chemical and physical stability, cellular uptake and cytostatic activity against a neoplastic cell line and the acute toxicity to rats. A paclitaxel incorporation efficiency of approximately 75% was achieved when paclitaxel was mixed with LDE at a 6:1 lipid-to-drug molar ratio. The association of paclitaxel with LDE increased by 54% the mean diameter of the emulsion particles but did not damage the paclitaxel chemical structure as analysed by HPLC. Results from gradient ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G25 gel filtration indicated that the binding of the drug to the emulsion was stable. It was shown that the cellular uptake and the cytotoxic activity of LDE-paclitaxel by a neoplastic cell line (NCI-H292 cells) was indeed mediated by the LDL receptors. The antiproliferative activity of LDE-paclitaxel against NCI-H292 cells was less than that of a commercial paclitaxel preparation (50% inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 2.60 and 0.45 μM, respectively). This difference, however, can be ascribed to the in-vitro anti-proliferative activity of the commercial paclitaxel vehicle Cremophor EL; when Cremophor EL was added to the cultures with LDE-paclitaxel, the IC50 value was reduced to 0.45 μM, attaining that of the commercial paclitaxel preparation. The tolerability of LDE-paclitaxel in rats was remarkable, such that its lethal dose (LD50) was ten-fold greater than that of the commercial formulation (LD50 = 324 and 31.8 mg kg−1, respectively). Therefore, LDE-paclitaxel association is stable and the cytostatic activity of the drug is preserved while its toxicity to rats is small. By diminishing the side effects and directing paclitaxel to neoplastic tissues, LDE may be useful as adjuvant in chemotherapy with this drug.