Timing of Benzyladenine and Dikegulac Sodium Application Affects Branching of Liners and Finished Herbaceous Perennial Plants

Abstract

Foliar spray applications of plant growth regulators (PGRs) benzyladenine (BA) and dikegulac sodium (DS) on herbaceous perennial liners and transplants were evaluated to determine effects on branching and quality. PGRs were applied three times (main plot): liner (24 h after removal from mist), post-transplant (5 to 7 days after transplant), or both (applications at liner and post-transplant). PGRs (subplots) were applied at concentrations of 400, 800, or 1600 mg·L−1 DS; 600 mg·L−1 BA; or a combination of 400 mg·L−1 DS and 600 mg·L−1 BA (DS/BA). All studies included an untreated control. Sedum spectabile ‘Autumn Joy’ treated with PGRs at both application times had a 100% increase in branching compared with either single application time. Applied post-transplant, 800 mg·L−1 DS, BA, or DS/BA increased branching. Applied at both times, all DS concentrations or BA tripled the number of lateral branches per plant, whereas DS/BA resulted in a 4-fold increase in number of branches. Sedum treated with 1600 mg·L−1 DS at liner, post-transplant, or both application times was shorter than controls; plants sprayed with 1600 mg·L−1 DS at both application times were stunted. Phytotoxicity (yellow, narrow leaves) was present in finished plants treated with 800 or 1600 mg·L−1 DS or DS/BA post-transplant or with 1600 mg·L−1 DS applied both times. Gaillardia aristata ‘Gallo Red’ treated with PGRs at both application times had increased branching compared with plants subjected to a single application. Number of branches was increased by liner application of 400 mg·L−1 DS, post-transplant applications of DS/BA, or applications both times of BA or DS/BA, whereas applications both times of 1600 mg·L−1 DS decreased branching and caused stunting and chlorotic foliage. In application as liners or at both times, all PGRs except 400 mg·L−1 DS caused 16- to 33-day delays in flowering. Branching of Phlox paniculata ‘Bright Eyes’ was unaffected by application time. Only Phlox treated with BA or 1600 mg·L−1 DS at both application times had increased branches, although plants treated with 1600 mg·L−1 DS were shorter than controls and had phytotoxicity in the form of narrow, yellow leaves. Nepeta racemosa ‘Walker’s Low’ treated with PGRs post-transplant or both application times had more branches than plants treated with PGRs once as liners. Number of branches was increased with BA or 800 mg·L−1 DS applied post-transplant or 1600 mg·L−1 DS, BA, or DS/BA applied both times, but the plants treated with 1600 mg·L−1 DS were stunted and had yellow leaves. Neither BA nor DS affected branching in Delosperma ‘Table Mountain’. Application time did not affect branching in Achillea ‘Moonshine’; only both applications of BA increased the number of branches in Achillea, whereas either single application of 1600 mg·L−1 DS or both applications of 800 or 1600 mg·L−1 DS caused phytotoxicity and stunting. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)], sodium 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonate (DS)