Histological Features of IgA Nephropathy in Pediatrics and the Magnitude of the Disease in Saudi Children

Abstract

Objectives. This review addresses the microscopic features of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgA nephropathy), its prognostic variables in children, and measures to which extent these features and variables differ from adults. Furthermore, it describes the extent of this disease process among children in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab countries and compares it with the data from the West and the Far East. Method. All the original work described the histological features of pediatric IgA nephropathy, and studies involved in developing the prognostic classification of IgA nephropathy, Oxford Classification, were reviewed. Moreover, the studies describing the crescent prevalence and outcome in pediatric IgA nephropathy in addition to thrombotic microangiopathy association were studied. National studies describing the prevalence of pediatric IgA nephropathy and pediatric crescentic glomerulonephritis were tracked with an overview of the regional data from the rest of the Arab world. Results. IgA nephropathy in children showed more glomerular proliferative changes and less glomerular vascular and tubule-interstitial chronic injury compared to adults. The reference study that described the association between thrombotic microangiopathy and IgA nephropathy did not include the pediatric age group. Moreover, it was found that the data from the Middle East was not encountered in developing the original and updated IgA nephropathy Oxford Classification. Furthermore, the prevalence of IgA nephropathy in children is described in the regional literature, but its histological features were not well detailed. Finally, the percentage of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) due to IgA nephropathy is less in our country compared to the West and concords with the Far East findings. Conclusion. A well-designed regional study addressing IgA nephropathy in Middle East children with a focus on histological features, association with crescent, and thrombotic microangiopathy and challenging the validity of the updated IgA nephropathy Oxford Classification is recommended.