Bioavailable Concentrations of Delphinidin and Its Metabolite, Gallic Acid, Induce Antioxidant Protection Associated with Increased Intracellular Glutathione in Cultured Endothelial Cells

Author:

Goszcz Katarzyna1,Deakin Sherine J.1,Duthie Garry G.2,Stewart Derek34,Megson Ian L.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Diabetes & Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands & Islands, Centre for Health Science, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK

2. Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK

3. James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

4. School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK

Abstract

Despite limited bioavailability and rapid degradation, dietary anthocyanins are antioxidants with cardiovascular benefits. This study tested the hypothesis that the antioxidant protection conferred by the anthocyanin, delphinidin, is mediated by modulation of endogenous antioxidant defences, driven by its degradation product, gallic acid. Delphinidin was found to degrade rapidly (t1/2 ~ 30 min), generating gallic acid as a major degradation product. Both delphinidin and gallic acid generated oxygen-centred radicals at high (100 μM) concentrationsin vitro. In a cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell model of oxidative stress, the antioxidant protective effects of both delphinidin and gallic acid displayed a hormesic profile; 100 μM concentrations of both were cytotoxic, but relatively low concentrations (100 nM–1 μM) protected the cells and were associated with increased intracellular glutathione. We conclude that delphinidin is intrinsically unstable and unlikely to confer any direct antioxidant activityin vivoyet it offered antioxidant protection to cells at low concentrations. This paradox might be explained by the ability of the degradation product, gallic acid, to confer benefit. The findings are important in understanding the mode of protection conferred by anthocyanins and reinforce the necessity to conductin vitroexperiments at biologically relevant concentrations.

Funder

Highlands and Islands Enterprise

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

Cell Biology,Ageing,General Medicine,Biochemistry

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