A Network Pharmacology Study on the Active Components and Targets of the Radix Ginseng and Radix Bupleuri Herb Pair for Treating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

Objective. To explore the potential active components and corresponding target herb pairs of Radix Ginseng (Renshen) and Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu) in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. Methods. The active components and potential targets of the herb pair of Renshen and Chaihu were screened through a network database system, and Venn analysis was performed with the obtained NAFLD targets. The intersecting targets were analysed for gene ontology (GO) functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated. Cytoscape software was used to construct active component-target networks of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair. Free fatty acids were added to the HepG2 cell line to create high-fat models that were treated with different concentrations of stigmasterol. The effect of stigmasterol on the lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and PPARγ-knockdown cells was determined by oil red O staining, Nile red staining, and TG level. PPARγ and UCP-1 mRNA, and protein expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Results. Twenty active components obtained from the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair were identified. The herb pair active component-target network showed that both Renshen and Chaihu contained stigmasterol and kaempferol as active components. The PPI network comprised 63 protein nodes. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the targets were mainly involved in lipid metabolism. Eight core targets were identified: AKT1, PPARG, MAPK3, TNF, TP53, SIRT1, STAT3, and PPARA. In vitro experiments demonstrated that stigmasterol reduced lipid accumulation and TG levels in HepG2 cells, and the mechanism may have been related to the activation of the PPARγ-UCP-1 signalling pathway. Conclusion. This study preliminarily illustrated the potential components and corresponding core targets of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair in treating NAFLD. The effect of stigmasterol on the PPARγ-UCP-1 signalling pathway in enhancing lipid metabolism may represent one of the mechanisms of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair in the treatment of NAFLD. The results provide new evidence and research insights to reveal the roles of Renshen and Chaihu in the management of NAFLD.