1. On the English cotton masters, see Anthony Howe, The Cotton Masters, 1830–1860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984); and Howe’s, ‘The Business Community’, in Mary B. Rose ed. The Lancashire Cotton Industry. A History since 1700 (Preston: Lancashire County Books, 1996), pp. 94–121; S. D. Chapman, Merchant Enterprise in Britain, From the Industrial Revolution to World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and the same author’s ‘The Commercial Sector’, in Rose ed. Lancashire Cotton, pp. 63–94. For more general studies, see K. Honeyman, Origins of Enterprise: Business Leadership in the Industrial Revolution (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982); and F. Crouzet, The First Industrialists: the Problem of Origins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). On the Scottish middle classes, see S. Nenadic, ‘The Rise of the Urban Middle Class’, in T. M. Devine and R. Mitchison eds, People and Society in Scotland, i, 1760–1830 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988), pp. 109–26; N. Morgan and R. H. Trainor, ‘The Dominant Classes’, in W. H. Fraser and R. J. Morris eds, People and Society in Scotland, ii, 1830–1914 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1990), pp. 103–37; R. H. Trainor, ‘The Elite’, S. Nenadic, ‘The Victorian Middle Classes’, and I. Maver, ‘Glasgow’s Civic Government’, in W. H. Fraser and I. Maver eds, Glasgow, ii, 1830–1912 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), pp. 227–64, 265–99 and 441–85. See also L. Miskell, ‘Civic Leadership and the manufacturing elite: Dundee, 1820–1870’, in L. Miskell, C. A. Whatley and B. Harris eds, Victorian Dundee: Images and Realities (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2000), pp. 51–69. For political connections, see G. Teviotdale, ‘The Glasgow Parliamentary Constituency, 1832–1846’, University of Glasgow, M. Litt. thesis, 1963. For studies of the English provincial middle classes, see T. Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban Industrial Society, Bradfordi1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class, Leeds, 1820–1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990); and R. Trainor, Black Country Elites. The Exercise of Authority in an Industrialised Area, 1830–1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). For a general survey of wealth accumulation, see W. D. Rubinstein, Men of Property: The Very Wealthy in Britain since the Industrial Revolution (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
2. For the bias towards success, see Honeyman, Origins, p. 169; and P. L. Payne, British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century, 2nd edition (London: Macmillan, 1988), p. 22.
3. S. D. Chapman, ‘Fixed Capital Formation in the British Cotton Manufacturing Industry’, in J. P. P. Higgins and S. Pollard eds, Aspects of Capital Investment in Great Britain, 1750–1850 (London: Methuen, 1971), p. 72; and S. D. Chapman, The Early Factory Masters (Newton Abbott: David and Charles, 1967), p. 78.