Rediscovering Potential Molecular Targets for Glioma Therapy Through the Analysis of the Cell of Origin, Microenvironment and Metabolism

Author:

Guo Xiaoran1,Wang Tao1,Huang Guohao2,Li Ruohan1,Da Costa Clive3,Li Huafu1,Lv Shengqing2,Li Ningning1

Affiliation:

1. Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), No.628, Zhenyuan Rd, Guangming Dist., Shenzhen 518107, China

2. Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 183 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City 400037, China

3. The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom

Abstract

Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumors. Despite significant medical advances, gliomas remain incurable and are associated with high mortality. Although numerous biomarkers of diagnostic value have been identified and significant progress in the prognosis of the outcome has been made, the treatment has not been parallelly improved during the last three decades. This review summarizes and discusses three aspects of recent discoveries related to glioma, with the objective to highlight the advantages of glioma-specific drugs targeting the cell of origin, microenvironment, and metabolism. Given the heterogeneous nature of gliomas, various cell populations have been implicated as likely sources of the tumor. Depending on the mutation(s) acquired by the cells, it is believed that neural stem/progenitor cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, mature neurons, and glial cells can initiate cell transformation into a malignant phenotype. The level of tumorigenicity appears to be inversely correlated with the maturation of a given cell population. The microenvironment of gliomas includes non-cancer cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, and cells of blood vessels, as well as secreted molecules and the extracellular matrix, and all these components play a vital role during tumor initiation and progression. We will discuss in detail how the tumor microenvironment can stimulate and drive the transformation of non-tumor cell populations into tumor-supporting cells or glioma cells. Metabolic reprogramming is a key feature of gliomas and is thought to reflect the adaptation to the increased nutritional requirements of tumor cell proliferation, growth, and survival. Mutations in the IDH gene can shape metabolic reprogramming and may generate some vulnerabilities in glioma cells, such as abnormal lipid metabolism and sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We will analyze the prominent metabolic features of malignant gliomas and the key pathways regulating glioma metabolism. This review is intended to provide a conceptual background for the development of glioma therapies based on the properties of tumor cell populations, microenvironment, and metabolism.

Funder

Shenzhen Commission on Innovation and Technology Program

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Founding of Scientific Research for the introduction of talents in the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University

Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen

Guangming District Health and Medical Bureau Chinese Medicine Research Project

Publisher

Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Subject

Cancer Research,Drug Discovery,Pharmacology,Oncology

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