Adhesion Molecules as Prognostic Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Abstract: Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease, culminating in the production of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries through intricate pathophysiological processes. The progression of this disorder is based on the effect of triggering factors -mainly hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, arterial hyper-tension, and smoking- on the endothelium. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an atherosclerotic dis-ease with a higher prevalence among individuals. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are the main contributors to atherosclerotic plaque formation. CAD and its manifestations multifactorial af-fect patients’ quality of life, burdening the global healthcare system. Recently, the role of adhesion molecules in CAD progression has been recognized. Physicians delve into the pathophysiologic ba-sis of CAD progression, focusing on the effect of adhesion molecules. They are proteins that medi-ate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction and adhesion, driving the formation of athero-sclerotic plaques. Several studies have assessed their role in atherosclerotic disease in small cohorts and in experimental animal models as well. Furthermore, several agents, such as nanoparticles, have been introduced modifying the main atherosclerotic risk factors as well as targeting the endothelial inflammatory response and atherosclerotic plaque stabilization. In this review, we discuss the role of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis and CAD progression, as well as the potential to be used as targeting moieties for individualized treatment.