Rheumatic Manifestations of Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview

Abstract

Objective: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. It can be responsible for several rheumatological manifestations. Aims: This article aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on musculoskeletal diseases associated with Parkinson's disease and their management. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of musculoskeletal features associated with Parkinson's disease. Results: Rheumatological manifestations of Parkinson's disease include postural disorders (antecol-lis, cervical kyphosis, cervical positive sagittal malalignment, camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, scoli-osis), bone disorders (osteoporosis, bone fractures), and joint disorders (frozen shoulder, hand, and foot deformities). Rheumatological manifestations lead to physical disability, long-term pain, and impaired quality of life. However, the management of these manifestations is not yet codified. It can associate botulinum toxin, thoraco-pelvic anterior distraction, orthosis, orthopedic surgical correc-tion, pallidotomy, or deep brain stimulation in patients with camptocormia. Therapeutic manage-ment of osteoporosis includes calcium and vitamin D intake and bisphosphonates. Conclusion: Rheumatological manifestations are common in Parkinson’s disease. Optimal care of patients with Parkinson’s disease should include attention to management of postural, bone, and joint disorders since it remains a major cause of functional impairment and disability.