Affiliation:
1. Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Centre of Advanced Study, Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Abstract
Background:
Accretion of organic and inorganic contaminants in soil interferes in the food
chain, thereby posing a serious threat to the ecosystem and adversely affecting crop productivity and
human life. Both endophytic and rhizospheric microbial communities are responsible for the biodegradation
of toxic organic compounds and have the capability to enhance the uptake of heavy metals by
plants via phytoremediation approaches. The diverse set of metabolic genes encoding for the production
of biosurfactants and biofilms, specific enzymes for degrading plant polymers, modification of
cell surface hydrophobicity and various detoxification pathways for the organic pollutants, plays a
significant role in bacterial driven bioremediation. Various genetic engineering approaches have been
demonstrated to modulate the activity of specific microbial species in order to enhance their detoxification
potential. Certain rhizospheric bacterial communities are genetically modified to produce specific
enzymes that play a role in degrading toxic pollutants. Few studies suggest that the overexpression
of extracellular enzymes secreted by plant, fungi or rhizospheric microbes can improve the degradation
of specific organic pollutants in the soil. Plants and microbes dwell synergistically, where microbes
draw benefit by nutrient acquisition from root exudates whereas they assist in plant growth and
survival by producing certain plant growth promoting metabolites, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization,
auxin production, siderophore production, and inhibition or suppression of plant pathogens.
Thus, the plant-microbe interaction establishes the foundation of the soil nutrient cycle as well as decreases
soil toxicity by the removal of harmful pollutants.
Conclusion:
The perspective of integrating genetic approach with bioremediation is crucial to evaluate
connexions among microbial communities, plant communities and ecosystem processes with a focus
on improving phytoremediation of contaminated sites.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Subject
Genetics (clinical),Genetics
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