Type I Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Therapy on Bone Microarchitecture, Composition and Mechanical Properties

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microarchitecture, composition and mechanical properties of cortical bone of rats with type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) and submitted to insulin therapy (IT). Methods: Thirty rats were divided into three groups (n=10): non-diabetic, diabetic and diabetic+insulin. TIDM was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. In diabetic+insulin group, 4IU insulin was administered twice per day (1IU at 7am and 3IU at 7pm). The animals were euthanized five weeks after TIDM induction; the tibiae were removed and submitted to microcomputed tomography (micro-CT, 8µm), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic microhardness indentation. Results: Micro-CT analysis showed that diabetic group had lower bone surface/tissue volume ratio (BS/BV) (p=0.018), cortical thickness (Ct.Th) (p<0.001) and degree of anisotropy (Ct.DA) (p=0.034) values compared to non-diabetic group. The diabetic group showed lower Ct.Th than diabetic + insulin group (p=0.018). The non-diabetic group had lower fractal dimension (Ct.FD) values compared to diabetic groups (p<0.001). The ATR-FTIR analyses showed lower values for all measured parameters in the diabetic group than non-diabetic group (amide I ratio: p=0.046; crystallinity index: p=0.038; matrix:mineral ratios - M:MI: p=0.006; M:MIII: p=0.028). The diabetic+insulin group showed a lower crystallinity index (p=0.022) and M:MI ratio (p=0.002) than non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. The diabetic group showed lower Vickers hardness values than non-diabetic (p<0.001) and diabetic+insulin (p=0.003) groups. Conclusion: TIDM negatively affect bone microarchitecture, collagen maturation, mineralization and bone microhardness. Moreover, insulin minimized the effect of TIDM on cortical thickness and organic/mineral matrix.