Affiliation:
1. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz 51664, Iran
Abstract
Background:
Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and
social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue.
Objective:
We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine
and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking
mode and an off-line pre-concentration method.
Methods:
Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted
from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method,
an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument.
Results:
The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA
guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine,
codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected
using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions
and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended
less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and
data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings
of subjects.
Conclusion:
The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine
and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals,
with no derivatization step.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Subject
Pharmaceutical Science,Molecular Medicine,Biochemistry,Biophysics
Reference20 articles.
1. Heal, D.J.; Smith, S.L.; Gosden,J.; Nutt, D.J. Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective, J. Psycho-pharmacol. (Oxford). 2013,27(6),479-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881113482532 PMID: 23539642
2. Stein.; C. Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia. Opioids II ; Springer. 1993,91-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77540-6_4
3. Williams, D.G.; Patel,A.; Howard, R.F. Pharmacogenetics of co-deine metabolism in an urban population of children and its impli-cations for analgesic reliability. Br, J. Anaesth. 2002,89(6),839-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aef284 PMID: 12453926
4. Davis.; M.P. Opioids in cancer pain ; Oxford University Press. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199236640.001.0001
5. www. wada-ama. org/rtecontent/document/code_v2009_en. pdf (Accessed on: 31 January 2013) 2009
Cited by
2 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献