Diversity of Multidrug Efflux Genes and Phenotypic Evaluation of the In vitro Resistance Dynamics of Clinical Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Using Methicillin; a Model β-lactam

Abstract

Objectives:Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) across the world often leave clinicians with little or no choice of treatment options. The multi-drug efflux (MDE) genes are bacterial survival mechanisms responsible for the pumping out of antibiotics and other biocides from the cytoplasm. Whilst effort is being made in the development of antibiotic adjuvants such as efflux pumps inhibitors, information is needed on the diversity of these MDEs in the circulatingS. aureusand on the growth dynamics of the clinical isolates in response to antibiotics is not regularly examined.Methods:Here, we evaluated the diversity of MDEs in cinicalS. aureusrecovered in a tertiary academic hospital, Pretoria, South African hospital using PCR and also employed visual minimum inhibitory concentration and quantitative analysis of spectrophometric measurements of bacterial growth in the presence of a model β lactam antibiotic (methicillin), to phenotypically elucidate the resistance pattern of these isolates in response to methicillin.Results:Three major distribution patterns of MDEs were observed in the clinical isolates evaluated. Moreover,norA,norB andtet38 were present in 98.9% of the isolates while other MDE were present in different proportions ranging from 40 to 98.6% of the isolates. In addition,S. aureusisolates, be it of MRSA or MSSA genotype did not habour the same set of MDEs despite being recovered from the same hospital setting. Finally, we showed that MSSA displayed phenotypic resistance to methicilllin despite the non-detection of themecA resistance gene.Conclusions:Our data suggest that the growth ofS. aureusmay be enhanced by β lactams (methicillin) and that MSSA may also display resistance to methicillin and perhaps other β lactam antibiotics. The high prevalence of MDEs suggestive of resistance to a broad spectrum of biocides and fluoroquinolones are particularly disturbing.