Experimental study of recompression reaction for low-load operation in direct-injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engines with n-heptane and i-octane fuels

Abstract

Experiments have been reported in the literature in which the low-load limit of a retention-mode HCCI engine operating on gasoline has been significantly extended by pre-processing of the fuel during negative valve overlap. This paper presents experimental studies in which this low-load-limit extension is demonstrated and characterized using simple, single-component hydrocarbon fuels with relatively well-known chemical kinetics. The model fuels were n-heptane and i-octane and this choice was made both because of the extensive work that has been undertaken to develop their chemical kinetic mechanisms and because these fuels span the range of ignitability that is likely to be of interest for HCCI engines. The experimental results reported here show that both fuels exhibit load extension to as low as 1 bar net indicated mean effective pressure when operated at high residual mass fractions, low equivalence ratios, and an appropriate choice of compression ratio (13 for n-heptane, 18 for i-octane). Near the low-load limit, combustion is stable, exhibits slightly advanced timing, has relatively low unburned hydrocarbon emissions, negligible (< 5 ppm) NO emissions, and slightly increased CO emissions (compared to higher load conditions). The indicated efficiency of low-load operation with recompression reaction is somewhat reduced, mainly due to increased heat transfer and decreased combustion efficiency.