Affiliation:
1. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Abstract
Large-scale Internet applications, such as content distribution networks, are deployed across multiple datacenters and consume massive amounts of electricity. To provide uniformly low access latencies, these datacenters are geographically distributed and the deployment size at each location reflects the regional demand for the application. Consequently, an application's environmental impact can vary significantly depending on the geographical distribution of end-users, as electricity cost and carbon footprint per watt is location specific. In this paper, we describe FORTE: Flow Optimization based framework for request-Routing and Traffic Engineering. FORTE dynamically controls the fraction of user traffic directed to each datacenter in response to changes in both request workload and carbon footprint. It allows an operator to navigate the three-way tradeoff between access latency, carbon footprint, and electricity costs and to determine an optimal datacenter upgrade plan in response to increases in traffic load. We use FORTE to show that carbon taxes or credits are impractical in incentivizing carbon output reduction by providers of large-scale Internet applications. However, they can reduce carbon emissions by 10% without increasing the mean latency nor the electricity bill.
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Subject
Computer Networks and Communications,Software
Reference43 articles.
1. Light-duty automotive technology carbon dioxide emissions and fuel economy trends: 1975 through 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Light-duty automotive technology carbon dioxide emissions and fuel economy trends: 1975 through 2011. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2. Akamai. Akamai reports fourth quarter 2010 and full-year 2010 financial results 2011. http://tiny.cc/afyu9 Last visited Jan. 2012. Akamai. Akamai reports fourth quarter 2010 and full-year 2010 financial results 2011. http://tiny.cc/afyu9 Last visited Jan. 2012.
3. Robust and flexible power-proportional storage
4. The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing
5. California ISO. Renewables watch 2011. http: //www.caiso.com/green/renewableswatch.html. California ISO. Renewables watch 2011. http: //www.caiso.com/green/renewableswatch.html.
Cited by
189 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献