The worst-case execution-time problem—overview of methods and survey of tools

Author:

Wilhelm Reinhard1,Engblom Jakob2,Ermedahl Andreas3,Holsti Niklas4,Thesing Stephan1,Whalley David5,Bernat Guillem6,Ferdinand Christian7,Heckmann Reinhold7,Mitra Tulika8,Mueller Frank9,Puaut Isabelle10,Puschner Peter11,Staschulat Jan12,Stenström Per13

Affiliation:

1. Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

2. Virtutech AB, Stockholm

3. Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden

4. Tidorum Ltd., Helsinki, Finland

5. Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL

6. Rapita Systems, Ltd.

7. AbsInt Angewandte Informatik

8. National University of Singapore

9. North Carolina State University

10. IRISA

11. Tu Vienna

12. TU Braunschweig

13. Chalmers University of Technology

Abstract

The determination of upper bounds on execution times, commonly called worst-case execution times (WCETs), is a necessary step in the development and validation process for hard real-time systems. This problem is hard if the underlying processor architecture has components, such as caches, pipelines, branch prediction, and other speculative components. This article describes different approaches to this problem and surveys several commercially available tools 1 and research prototypes.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Subject

Hardware and Architecture,Software

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