Affiliation:
1. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
2. University College London, UK
Abstract
Smart contracts are programs deployed on a blockchain. They are executed for a monetary fee paid in
gas
—a clear optimization target for smart contract compilers. Because smart contracts are a young, fast-moving field without (manually) fine-tuned compilers, they highly benefit from automated and adaptable approaches, especially as smart contracts are effectively immutable, and as such need a high level of assurance. This makes them an ideal domain for applying formal methods. Super-optimization is a technique to find the best translation of a block of instructions by trying all possible sequences of instructions that produce the same result. We present a framework for super-optimizing smart contracts based on Max-SMT with two main ingredients: (1) a
stack functional specification
extracted from the basic blocks of a smart contract, which is simplified using rules capturing the semantics of arithmetic, bit-wise, and relational operations, and (2) the
synthesis of optimized blocks
, which finds—by means of an efficient SMT encoding—basic blocks with minimal gas cost whose stack functional specification is equal (modulo commutativity) to the extracted one.
We implemented our framework in the tool
syrup 2.0
. Through large-scale experiments on real-world smart contracts, we analyze performance improvements for different SMT encodings, as well as tradeoffs between quality of optimizations and required optimization time.
Funder
Spanish
Una manera de hacer Europa
CM project
Ethereum Foundation
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
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3 articles.
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