Vitamin E: overview of history of discovery, mechanism of action, role and deficiency

Abstract

Vitamin E, a collective term for tocopherols and tocotrienols, is vital for numerous biological functions, particularly due to its antioxidant properties. Tocopherols and tocotrienols share a common structure but differ in their side chains, influencing their bioactivities. Despite extensive research highlighting the potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, the clinical application of vitamin E is often limited by its poor bioavailability. Dietary sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and certain animal products, with α-tocopherol being the most abundant form in plasma. High doses of vitamin E can interact with medications like aspirin and warfarin, necessitating medical supervision. Deficiency in vitamin E, particularly in children, can lead to significant health issues, emphasizing the importance of adequate intake. This review explores the chemical properties, historical discovery, bioavailability, dietary sources, recommended intakes, and biological activities of vitamin E, highlighting its therapeutic potential and the challenges in its application.