Crusading in Livonia and Byzantine Romania Considered in a Comparative Review. Key Issues and Historiographical Notes

Author:

Ivanov Ivelin A.ORCID

Abstract

The article focuses on a topic that so far has not been studied in a comparative approach. The author addresses some basic problems of the comparative research, focusing on the general and the specific causes, the course, and the consequences of the crusading actions in the lands of Livonia and Estonia – in the northeast, and Romania – in the southeast. Reconsidering the already established models and theses in historical research on the Baltic campaigns, on the one hand, and the Third, the Fourth, and the Fifth Crusades, on the other, the author formulates some guidelines and approaches for a comparative study on crusading ‘on the edges’ in the late 12th – the early 13th centuries. The article analyzes several factors including the role of geographical and climatic conditions, the demographic expansion, the papal policy, the commercial maritime activity, and the role of the Knightly orders in the crusading campaigns under review. Furthermore, the author explores the political and social background of the crusading campaigns under question and the different models of interaction between the colonization stratum and the local population in Livonia and the Latin Empire in Constantinople.

Publisher

Uniwersytet Lodzki (University of Lodz)

Subject

Religious studies,History,Cultural Studies

Reference107 articles.

1. Benninghoven F., Der Orden der Schwertbrüder, Fratres Milicie Christi de Livonia, Cologne–Graz 1965.

2. Benninghoven F., Unter Kreuz und Adler. Der Deutsche Orden im Mittelalter, Berlin 1990.

3. Benninghoven F., Zur Rolle des Schwertbrüderordens und des Deutschen Ordens im politischen Gefüge Alt-Livlands, “Zeitschrift für Ostforschung” 41, 1992, p. 165–171.

4. Blomkvist N., The Discovery of the Baltic. The Reception of a Catholic World-system in the European North (AD 1075–1225), Leiden–Boston 2004 [= Northern World, 15], https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047406440

5. Bombi B., Innocent III and the Baltic Crusade after the Conquest of Constantinople, [in:] Crusading on the Edge. Ideas and Practice of Crusading in Iberia and the Baltic Region, 1100–1500, ed. T. Nielsen, I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Turnhout 2016, p. 117–133, https://doi.org/10.1484/M.OUTREMER-EB.5.111266

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