Associations between Work-Related Factors and Happiness among Working Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: As the global population ages, the number of older adults working after retirement is increasing. However, knowledge regarding working conditions for health and happiness among this population is insufficient. Therefore, we examined the association between work-related factors (e.g., employment status, daily working time, work-related stress) and happiness among working older adults.Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited Japanese older adults, aged 65 years and older, who were engaged in paid work, during their annual health checkups. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess happiness, employment status, daily working time, and work-related stress (i.e., job strain, job control, job suitability, and relationships at work).Results: The data of 520 men and 168 women were analyzed (mean ages, 68.5 years and 68.0 years, respectively). The results of the multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that low job suitability was negatively associated with happiness in men (odds ratio [OR]=0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28–0.78; p=0.004). In women, long working hours and low job control were negatively associated with happiness—working >8 hours daily (OR=0.29; 95% CI, 0.12–0.71; p=0.008) and low job control (OR=0.29; 95% CI, 0.12–0.72; p=0.009).Conclusion: The results showed that low job suitability for men and long daily working time and low job control for women were negatively associated with happiness. These findings suggest the need to improve working conditions to enhance the well-being of working older adults.