1. City of Women: Busby Berkeley, Architecture, and Urban Space
2. Fischer is certainly not the first to criticize Busby Berkeley’s treatment of the female form. For instance, Mary Ryan credits Berkeley with enacting “one of the most crass and explicit presentations of women as sexual commodities . . . on the movie screen” (Womanhood in America: From Colonial Times to the Present[New York: New Viewpoints, 1975], 302).
3. Fischer uses “Art Deco aesthetic” as an umbrella term that includes modernism and streamlining. Lucy Fischer,Designing Women: Cinema, Art Deco, and the Female Form(New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 32.
4. Philippa Gates presents a similar argument inDetecting Women: Gender and the Hollywood Detective Film(New York: SUNY Press, 2011), 62–63.