Genomic analysis of group A Streptococcus isolated during a correctional facility outbreak of MRSA in 2004

Abstract

Background: In 2004–2005, an outbreak of impetigo occurred at a correctional facility during a sentinel outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Alberta, Canada. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to characterize the group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolates and evaluate whether genomic biomarkers could distinguish between those recovered alone and those co-isolated with S. aureus. Methods: Superficial wound swabs collected from all adults with impetigo during this outbreak were cultured using standard methods. NGS was used to characterize and compare all of the GAS and S. aureus genomes. Results: Fifty-three adults were culture positive for GAS, with a subset of specimens also positive for MRSA ( n = 5) or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ( n = 3). Seventeen additional MRSA isolates from this facility from the same time frame (no GAS co-isolates) were also included. All 78 bacterial genomes were analyzed for the presence of known virulence factors, plasmids, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Among the GAS isolates were 12 emm­ types, the most common being 41.2 ( n = 27; 51%). GAS genomes were phylogenetically compared with local and public datasets of invasive and non-invasive isolates. GAS genomes had diverse profiles for virulence factors, plasmids, and AMR genes. Pangenome analysis did not identify horizontally transferred genes in the co-infection versus single infections. Conclusions: GAS recovered from invasive and non-invasive sources were not genetically distinguishable. Virulence factors, plasmids, and AMR profiles grouped by emm­­ type, and no genetic changes were identified that predict co-infection or horizontal gene transfer between GAS and S. aureus.