Prediagnostic Hormone Levels and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: A Nested Case–Control Study in the Janus Serum Bank

Abstract

Abstract Background: It has been hypothesized that poorly functioning Leydig and/or Sertoli cells of the testes, indicated by higher levels of serum gonadotropins and lower levels of androgens, are related to the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a nested case–control study within the Janus Serum Bank cohort. Methods: Men who developed TGCT (n = 182) were matched to men who did not (n = 364). Sex steroid hormones were measured using LC/MS. Sex hormone binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were quantified by direct immunoassay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between hormone levels and TGCT risk. Results: Higher FSH levels [tertile (T) 3 vs. T2: OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.83–4.57] were associated with TGCT risk, but higher LH levels were not (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.81–1.96). The only sex steroid hormone associated with risk was androstane-3α, 17β-diol-3G (3α-diol-3G; OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.46–3.83). Analysis by histology found that increased FSH levels were related to seminoma (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 2.12–5.95) but not nonseminoma (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.38–3.13). Increased levels of 3α-diol-3G were related to seminoma (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.35–3.89) and nonsignificantly related to nonseminoma (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 0.82–8.92). Conclusions: Higher FSH levels are consistent with the hypothesis that poorly functioning Sertoli cells are related to the development of TGCT. In contrast, higher levels of 3α-diol-3G do not support the hypothesis that insufficient androgenicity is related to risk of TGCT. Impact: Clarifying the role of sex hormones in the development of TGCT may stimulate new research hypotheses.