Cell-Free Human Papillomavirus DNA Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Prognosis and for Early Detection of Relapse in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of the majority of cervical cancer cases and has been showed to be released as cell-free tumor DNA (ctHPV DNA) into the circulation. Here, we analyze if ctHPV DNA could be used as a prognostic biomarker and/or to detect relapse earlier than traditional methods in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). Experimental Design: A total of 74 patients with LACC were included; 66of 74 were positive for 13 high-risk HPV types on a bead-based assay of tumor biopsy samples. HPV-type–specific droplet digital PCR assays were developed. Longitudinal plasma samples were then analyzed for the biopsy-verified HPV type for each patient. In total, 418 plasma samples were analyzed. Patients were followed for a median of 37 months. Results were correlated to tumor and clinical characteristics. Results: Of the pretreatment plasma samples, 92.4% were positive for ctHPV DNA. Persistent ctHPV DNA in end-of-treatment, early follow-up (1–2 months after end-of-treatment), or tumor evaluation (3–4 months after end-of-treatment) plasma was correlated with worse progression-free survival (P < 0.001) compared with if ctHPV DNA was not found. The positive predictive value of ctHPV status at early follow-up for predicting disease progression was 87.5%, and the negative predictive value was 89.3%. ctHPV DNA was found in plasma before relapse was diagnosed using radiology in all patients (n = 10) who experienced relapse after complete clinical response to treatment with a median 315 days lead time. Conclusions: ctHPV DNA in follow-up plasma is a promising prognostic biomarker in patients with LACC, useful for analysis of response to therapy and for early detection of relapse.