Specific Targeting of Multiple Myeloma by Dual Split-signaling Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells Directed against CD38 and CD138

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: The success of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells illustrates the potential of this novel therapy for multiple myeloma. Nonetheless, broadening CAR T-cell therapy beyond BCMA requires inventive strategies as there are only a few multiple myeloma– or plasma cell–specific target antigens. We investigated the feasibility of achieving multiple myeloma specificity by dual-split CD38/CD138 CAR targeting, whereby the stimulatory and costimulatory signals for T-cell activation are split into two separate stimulatory (sCAR) and costimulatory CARs (cCAR). Experimental Design: Using various combinations of CD38 and CD138 sCARs and cCARs with different affinities, we generated several dual-split CAR T cells and analyzed them for multiple myeloma–specific effector functions in vitro. The best-functioning CAR T cells were tested in vivo in a murine xenograft model. Results: We found optimal designs of both CD38sCAR/CD138cCAR and CD138sCAR/CD38cCAR combinations, that effectively lysed multiple myeloma cells but spared single CD38- or CD138-positive healthy hematopoietic cells. While the CD38sCAR/CD138cCAR T cells achieved multiple myeloma–specific activity solely due to the low affinity of the CD38sCARs, the multiple myeloma–specific cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and proliferation of CD138sCAR/CD38cCAR T cells were established through a true combinatorial stimulatory and costimulatory effect. The most optimal combination comprised a low-affinity CD138sCAR combined with a high-affinity CD38cCAR. These CD138sCAR/CD38cCAR T cells also showed dual-antigen specific anti–multiple myeloma effects in vivo. Importantly, they were also effective against multiple myeloma cells from daratumumab pretreated patients with decreased CD38 expression levels. Conclusions: We demonstrate the possibility to specifically target multiple myeloma cells, even after CD38 targeted therapy, with carefully-designed dual-split CARs directed against CD38 and CD138.