Diagnostic value and safety of penicillin skin tests in children with immediate penicillin allergy

Abstract

Background: The first-line method in the diagnosis of patients who describe an immediate reaction after penicillin intake is a skin test (ST) with penicillin reagents. Objectives: We aimed to determine the safety and diagnostic value of penicillin STs in the diagnosis of immediate reactions to penicillins in pediatric patients. Methods: The study included pediatric patients with suspected immediate reaction to penicillin who were subjected to STs by using a standard penicillin test kit as well as suspected penicillin and the drug provocation tests (DPT) with the suspected penicillin at our clinic. Results: A total of 191 patients (53.9% boys) with a median age of 6.83 years (interquartile range, 4.2‐12 years) were included in the study. The time from drug intake to the onset of reaction was ≤1 hour in 138 patients (72.3%) and 1 to 6 hours in 53 patients (27.7%). Penicillin allergy (PA) was confirmed by diagnostic tests in 36 of the 191 patients (18.8%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the history of both urticaria and angioedema (odds ratio [OR] 27.683 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.143‐243.837]; p = 0.003) and anaphylaxis (OR 56.246 [95% CI, 6.598‐479.489]; p < 0.001) were the main predictors of a PA diagnosis. Although ST results were positive in 23 patients (63.8%), 13 patients (26.2%) had positive DPT results despite negative ST results. The negative predictive value (NPV) of STs was calculated 92.2% (155/168). None of our patients experienced immediate or delayed systemic and/or local reactions in relation to the STs. Conclusion: A history of urticaria with angioedema and anaphylaxis were the main predictors of true PA in children with suspected immediate reactions. STs with penicillin reagents are safe for use in children. Although STs have a high NPV, DPT is the gold standard for diagnosis. DPTs should be performed as the final step of the diagnostic evaluation of PA in patients with negative ST results.