1. [1] J. F. O'Hanlon, A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology, 3rd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2003). Chap. 4.
2. [2] K. Jousten, in: Handbook of Vacuum Technology, 2nd ed., edited by K. Jousten (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2016) Chap. 6.
3. [3] O. B. Malyshev and J. Kamiya, in: Vacuum in Particle Accelerators (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2020) Chap. 4.
4. [4] S. Sgobba, Proceedings of the 2017 CERN course on Vacuum for Particle Accelerators (Glumslöv, Sweden, 2017) pp. 73−103.
5. [5] J. Kamiya, J. Vac. Soc. Japan 59, 213 (2016).