Pyroligneous Acid Obtained From Guadua Bamboo (Angustifolia Kunth) in the Management of Stink Bug and Borer of CCN-51 Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) at The Latitud Cero Research Center

Abstract

Objective: The research aimed to establish the effect of pyroligneous acid extracted from guadua bamboo (Angustifolia kunth) for controlling the cacao mirid bug (Monalonion dissimulatum Dist.) and the cacao borer "mazorquero del cacao" Carmenta foraseminis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in CCN-51 cacao cultivation.   Theoretical Framework: This section presents the main concepts and theories supporting the research. Pyroligneous acid or "wood vinegar" is prominently highlighted, providing a solid foundation for understanding the context of the research.   Method: The research was conducted at the Latitud 0 Experimental Station of Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, located in Parroquia Cojimíes, Cantón Pedernales, Manabí province, geographically situated between the coordinates Latitude, South 0°04’12” and Longitude West 80°03’0” at an altitude of 6 meters above sea level. A Randomized Complete Block Design in a Factorial Arrangement A x B (3x2+1) was used with the factors: 30%, 40%, and 50% doses of pyroligneous acid and times 0 and 30 days, plus a control without applications.   Results and Discussion: The results showed that the best dose was 50% PA with 21.33 dead mirid bugs affecting the pods. For borers, the 0-day period produced the highest control with 10.75 borers after the first application with a 50% PA dose. For the times, the 30-day period resulted in 5.94 mortality in the first application. The 40% PA dose and the 30-day period produced 9.50 dead larvae. Borer mortality after the second application achieved the highest efficacy with the 40% PA dose, recording a mortality of 2.62 larvae compared to 1.11 live ones. When these factors interacted, the 50% PA dose with the 30-day period responded favorably with 4.25 dead borers compared to 1.01 dead ones.   Implications of the Research: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing information on how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of various agricultural crops. These implications could encompass not only cacao crops but related crops as well.   Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by establishing a management strategy for the cacao mirid bug and borer. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the effect of pyroligneous acid on the cacao mirid bug and borer.