A Comprehensive Review of In vitro Testing and Emerging Strategies Employed in Anticancer Drug Discovery Therapy

Abstract

Cancer is a broad category of diseases characterized through the unchecked proliferation and dissemination of atypical cells. It is among the primary causes of morbidity and mortality globally. The multistage genesis of cancer, which begins with genetic abnormalities that cause normal cells to become malignant, is what gives cancer its complexity. There are several steps involved in the genesis of cancer, including six key cancer distinguishing features known to influence malignant change has been identified. Anticancer drug development is a laborious process that includes numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. In vitro assays provide a foundation for cancer medication development techniques. Numerous in vitro procedures and tests have been developed to analyze every defining aspect of cancer; the choice of a specific in vitro technique or assay is largely based on the research question(s) under investigation. Currently, oncology researchers are attempting to create cancer nanomedicines that are both safe and effective. While nanoparticles have opened up new therapeutic and diagnostic avenues, stem cell treatment has demonstrated potential usefulness in renewing and repairing defective or damaged tissues by tackling primary and metastatic cancer sites. With minimal harm to healthy cells, targeted therapy has the potential to stop the development and propagation of specific cancer cells. In place of open surgery, ablation therapy has become a popular minimally invasive method for destroying or freezing tumors. Naturally occurring antioxidants have demonstrated the ability to find free radicals and counteract their harmful effects, potentially treating or preventing cancer. A number of novel technologies have previously received authorization, and some are presently the subject of clinical trials. This review article's objective is to provide an extensive overview of the state of our knowledge on cancer, covering its causes, kinds, diagnosis, therapy, in vitro assays to screen cancer and most recent scientific developments.