Neuromodulatory Contribution to Muscle Force Production after Short-Term Unloading and Active Recovery

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose Prior evidence has shown that neural factors contribute to the loss of muscle force after skeletal muscle disuse. However, little is known about the specific neural mechanisms altered by disuse. Persistent inward current (PIC) is an intrinsic property of motoneurons responsible for prolonging and amplifying the synaptic input, proportionally to the level of neuromodulation, thus influencing motoneuron discharge rate and force production. Here, we hypothesized that short-term unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) would reduce the neuromodulatory input associated with PIC, contributing to the reduction of force generation capacity. In addition, we tested whether physical exercise would restore the force generation capacity by reestablishing the initial level of neuromodulatory input. Methods In 12 young adults, we assessed maximal voluntary contraction pre- and post-10 d of ULLS and after 21 d of active recovery (AR) based on resistance exercise. PIC was estimated from high-density surface electromyograms of the vastus lateralis muscle as the delta frequency (ΔF) of paired motor units calculated during isometric ramped contractions. Results The values of ΔF were reduced after 10 d of ULLS (−33%, P < 0.001), but were fully reestablished after the AR (+29.4%, P < 0.001). The changes in estimated PIC values were correlated (r = 0.63, P = 0.004) with the reduction in maximal voluntary contraction after ULLS (−29%, P = 0.002) and its recovery after the AR (+28.5%, P = 0.003). Conclusions Our findings suggest that PIC estimates are reduced by muscle disuse and may contribute to the loss of force production and its recovery with exercise. Overall, this is the first study demonstrating that, in addition to peripheral neuromuscular changes, central neuromodulation is a major contributor to the loss of force generation capacity after disuse, and can be recovered after resistance exercise.