How many people in the world do research and development?

Author:

Ayan Davut Emrah1,Haak Laurel L.2ORCID,Ginther Donna K.3

Affiliation:

1. Institute for Policy & Social Research The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA

2. Ronin Institute and Mighty Red Barn Townsend Wisconsin USA

3. Department of Economics and Institute for Policy & Social Research The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA

Abstract

AbstractThe traditional approach to comparing research and development (R&D) capacity across countries has been to compare Gross Domestic R&D expenditures (GERD). In this paper, we argue for an expansion of R&D capacity that includes people engaged in research and research and development activities (research human capital density, RHCD). To achieve this goal, we first discuss how to estimate counts of researchers and create a measure of researcher human capital density within a country. Next, we examine whether RHCD is a useful variable in models of innovation capacity. Finally, we consider whether RHCD has explanatory power for models of research outputs including patents and publications. We find that RHCD has more explanatory power than GERD in the production of patents and publications. We argue that surveys of individuals that include questions on R&D activities are useful for assessing innovation capacity, and, if adopted more broadly, can provide a strategic framework for countries and regions to develop human capital to support innovative activities.

Funder

National Bureau of Economic Research

Wellcome Trust

National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Law,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Political Science and International Relations,Economics and Econometrics,Global and Planetary Change

Reference49 articles.

1. ARWU. (2019)Academic ranking of world universities database [online]. Available from:https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2019[Accessed 17 Jan 2022]

2. Bello M.&Galindo‐Rueda F.(2020)Charting the digital transformation of science: findings from the 2018 oecd international survey of scientific authors (ISSA2). OECD Science Technology and Industry Working Papers No. 2020/03 OECD Publishing Paris. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1787/1b06c47c‐en

3. The relationship between human intelectual capital and innovation capacity in the public sector

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