Novel indole retinoid derivative induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and modulates AKT and ERK signaling in HL‐60 cells

Abstract

AbstractChemotherapy with targeted drugs is the first line therapy option for acute and chronic myeloid leukemia. However, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be used in high‐risk patients or patients with failed responses to chemo drugs. Discovery and development of more effective new agents with lower side effects is the main aim of leukemia treatment. In this study, a novel retinoid compound with tetrahydronaphthalene ring was synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in human chronic and acute myeloid leukemia cell lines K562 and HL‐60. Novel N‐(1H‐indol‐1‐yl)‐5,5,8,8‐tetramethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxamide was synthesized based on molecular hybridization of the two different bioactive structures retinoid head and indole. The effects of the synthesized carboxamide compound, which was referred to as compound 5, were determined in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia and HL‐60 acute myeloid leukemia cell lines and L929 fibroblast cell line, which served as a control. Colorimetric MTT and caspase3 activity tests, flow cytometry, western blot, and microscopic examinations were used to evaluate biological activity. Compound 5 more effectively induced cell death in HL60 cells in comparison to K562 cells and L929 fibroblast cells. Therefore, further mechanism of cell death was investigated in HL60 cell line. It was found that compound 5 induced remarkable cytotoxicity, caspase3 activation, and PARP fragmentation in HL60 cells. Flow cytometric staining showed that the percentage of cells arrested in G0/G1 was also increased with compound 5 treatment. Important modulator proteins of cell proliferation p‐ERK, p‐AKT, and p‐m‐TOR were also found to be inhibited with compound 5 treatment. Collectively, our results reveal compound 5, which is a novel indole retinoid compound as a potential active agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.