1. 1. I would like to thank many people (some of whom have vehemently disagreed with me) for their critiques of drafts of this essay: Anna Clark, Sarah Deutsch, Janet Ewald, Jacquelyn Hall, Barbara Harris, Cynthia Herrup, Nancy Hewitt, Claudia Koonz, Susan Levine, Don Reid, Jane Rendall, Lyndal Roper, the members of the North Carolina Research Group on Women in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, and the participants in the spring 1988 faculty seminar of the UNC-CH Institute for the Arts and the Humanities. I am also grateful to audiences at Mount Holyoke College and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for their thoughtful responses to my lectures on this subject.
2. 2. Pizan, and Earl Jeffrey Richards , The Book of the City of Ladies , (Persea Books, New York, 1982 ), quote fromp.256 .
3. Some Feminist Betrayals of Women's History
4. 4.Gender and History, published by an Anglo-American collective andThe Journal of Women's History, based entirely in the United States.
5. 5. For a recent discussion of some aspects of ?the powerful resistance of history? to women's history, seeJoan Wallach Scott , Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988 ), esp. pp.15 -50 (quote from p. 18).