Miltirone suppresses ESCC cell viability and invasion by promoting E3 ligase mediated‐FZD2 ubiquitination and degradation

Abstract

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common subtype of esophageal cancer and lacks effective treatment. A growing number of studies have confirmed that Frizzled class receptor 2 (FZD2), a receptor for Wnts, regulates cancer metastasis in cancers. This study aims to reveal the anti‐metastatic activity of miltirone on ESCC cells and its mechanism on FZD2 in vitro. Cell‐counting‐kit‐8 (CCK‐8) was used to detect the effect of miltirone on cell growth in ESCC cells. The invasion of ESCC cells was detected by wound healing and transwell assay. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expressions of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the location of FZD2. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q‐PCR) were used to detect levels of target genes, and FZD2 ubiquitination was detected by the co‐immunoprecipitation method. The levels of roof plate‐specific spondins (RSPO1‐4) in cells were determined by ELISA, q‐PCR, and western blot assays. Miltirone exhibits its strongest cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 6.80 μM and 8.43 μM for K30 and K150 cells, respectively. Miltirone inhibited the cell viability and expression of EMT markers, affecting the invasion ability of ESCC, attenuated the Wnt2/FZD2 pathway, and down‐regulated the level of FZD2, which is regulated by the ubiquitination of E3 ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, we found that miltirone could reduce the expression of RSPO1, and RSPO2, increasing E3 protein levels, and promoting FZD2 ubiquitination, leading to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of FZD2. Collectively, our results revealed that miltirone might be a promising drug for the treatment of ESCC, at least partly through regulation of the FZD2 ubiquitination.