Affiliation:
1. The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, Department of Pharmacy and the Departments of Health Services and Economics University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
2. Section of General Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesTo present the Real‐World Progression In Diabetes (RAPIDS) 2.0 Risk Engine, the only simulation model to study the long‐term trajectories of outcomes arising from dynamic sequences of glucose‐lowering treatments in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Research Design and MethodsThe RAPIDS model's risk equations were re‐estimated using a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)‐based regularization of features that spanned baseline data from the last two quarters of current time and interactions with age. These equations were supplemented with estimates for the impact of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, and sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor classes of drugs as monotherapies and their combinations with metformin based on newer trial data and comprehensive meta‐analyses. The probabilistic RAPIDS 2.0 model was calibrated (N = 25 000) and validated (N = 263 816) using electronic medical records (EMR) data between 2008 and 2021 from a national network of US healthcare organizations.ResultsThe EMR‐based cohort had a mean age of 61 years at baseline, with 50% women, 70% non‐Hispanic White individuals and 20% non‐Hispanic Black individuals, and was followed for 17.5 quarters (range: 3–50). The final RAPIDS 2.0 risk engine accurately predicted the long‐term trajectories of all nine biomarkers and nine outcomes in the hold‐out validation sample. Similar accuracies in predictions were observed in each of the 14 subgroups studied.ConclusionThe RAPIDS 2.0 model demonstrated valid long‐term predictions of outcomes in individuals with T2DM in the United States as a function of dynamic sequences of treatment use patterns. This highlights its potential to project long‐term comparative effectiveness between alternative sequences of glucose‐lowering treatment uses in the United States.