1. 2aThe phrase 'reactive attitudes' was coined by P.F. Strawson, 'Freedom and Resentment', repr. inG. Watson , Free Will (OxfordUP, 1982 ), pp.59 -80 .
2. 2bI am using the narrow interpretation of the reactive attitudes which focuses on the sentiments mentioned and does not include, for instance, gratitude, forgiveness and love. On the wide and narrow interpretations, seeR. Jay Wallace , Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments (HarvardUP, 1994 ), pp.25 -33 .
3. 3aStrawson himself (p. 77) seems to want to reduce the justification of retribution to a justification of holding people responsible: 'The making of the [moral] demand is the proneness to such [reactive] attitudes'. Wallace (p. 69) takes a similar line, arguing that 'In expressing these [reactive] emotions ... we are demonstrating our commitment to certain moral standards, as regulative of social life'. For Christine Korsgaard, although 'it is a mistake to make these reactions [blame, resentment, etc.] central', it is 'certainly a concomitant of holding someone responsible that you are prepared for blame, resentment and the other reactive attitudes': Creating the Kingdom of Ends (CambridgeUP, 1996 ), p.196 .