Pattern A endocervical adenocarcinomas with ovarian metastasis are indolent and molecularly distinct from destructively invasive adenocarcinomas

Abstract

AimsThe invasive pattern in HPV‐associated endocervical adenocarcinoma (HPVA) has prognostic value. Non‐destructive (pattern A) HPVA has excellent prognosis mirroring adenocarcinoma in‐situ (AIS). However, the rare occurrence of ovarian spread in these tumours suggests aggressiveness in a subset of patients with these otherwise indolent lesions. We hypothesise that AIS/pattern A HPVA with ovarian metastases are biologically different than metastatic destructively invasive HPVA.Methods and resultsSamples from patients with HPVA and synchronous or metachronous metastases were retrieved and reviewed to confirm diagnosis and determine the Silva pattern in the primary lesion. For each case, normal tissue, cervical tumour and at least one metastasis underwent comprehensive sequencing using a 447‐gene panel. Pathogenic single‐nucleotide variants and segmental copy‐number alterations (CNA), tumour mutational burden and molecular signatures were evaluated and compared between primary and metastases and among invasive pattern categories. We identified 13 patients: four had AIS/pattern A primaries, while nine had pattern B/C tumours. All AIS/pattern A lesions had metastasis only to ovary; 50% of patients with ovarian involvement, regardless of invasive pattern, also had involvement of the endometrium and/or fallopian tube mucosa by HPVA. In the ovary, AIS/pattern A HPVA showed deceptive well‐differentiated glands, often with adenofibroma‐like appearance. Conversely, pattern C HPVAs consistently showed overt infiltrative features in the ovary. Sequencing confirmed the genetic relationship between primary and metastatic tumours in each case. PIK3CA alterations were identified in three of four AIS/pattern A HPVAs and three of eight pattern B/C tumours with sequenced metastases. Pattern C tumours showed a notably higher number of CNA in primary tumours compared to pattern A/B tumours. Only one metastatic AIS/pattern A HPVA had a novel pathogenic variant compared to the primary. Conversely, five of eight pattern B/C tumours with sequenced metastases developed novel pathogenic variants in the metastasis not seen in the primary. All four AIS/pattern A patients were alive and free of disease at 31, 47, 58 and 212 months after initial diagnosis. Conversely, cancer‐related death was documented in five of nine pattern B/C patients with follow‐up at 7, 20, 20, 43 and 87 months.ConclusionMorphologically and genomically, AIS/pattern A HPVA with secondary ovarian involvement appears distinct from destructively invasive tumours. In at least a subset of these cases, ovarian spread appears to occur via trans‐Mullerian superficial extension, different from the stromal and lymphatic vascular spread typical of more aggressive tumours (pattern C). These differences may explain the indolent outcome observed in the rare subset of patients with AIS/pattern A HPVA and ovarian metastasis. Our data underscore the potential for conservative surgical management approaches to pattern A HPVA.