Cell-based, animal and H1 receptor binding studies relative to the sedative effects of ketotifen and norketotifen atropisomers

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Ketotifen (K) and its active metabolite norketotifen (N) exist as optically active atropisomers. They both have antihistaminic and anti-inflammatory properties but the S-atropisomer of N (SN) causes less sedation than K and RN in rodents. This study investigated whether this could be related to a lower concentration of SN in brain or a lower affinity of SN for rat brain H1 receptors. Methods Ketotifen and norketotifen atropisomers were quantified using a validated chiral HPLC assay. RBE4 and Caco-2 cell monolayers were used in uptake and permeability studies, respectively. Free and total brain-to-plasma (B/P) ratios were determined after injecting racemic K and N into rat tail veins. Affinity for rat brain H1 receptors (KI) was determined using the [3H]mepyramine binding assay. Key findings Uptake and permeation studies indicate no stereoselective transport for K or N. B/P ratios reveal the brain concentration of N is lower than K with no stereoselective transport into brain. Finally, the [3H]mepyramine binding assay shows SN has the lowest affinity for rat brain H1 receptors. Conclusion The lower sedative effect of SN in rodents is probably due to a combination of a lower uptake of N than K into the brain and less affinity of SN for CNS H1 receptors.