Volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers of Cadophora luteo‐olivacea presence on kiwifruits

Abstract

AbstractCadophora luteo‐olivacea is the causal agent of the skin‐pitting disease of kiwifruit, a syndrome that appears after 4–5 months of cold storage. However, it is assumed that the infection takes place in the field during fruit development. The present work takes into consideration the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’ at different phenological phases as potential C. luteo‐olivacea infection biomarkers. In vitro assays were conducted to gain knowledge on the effect of kiwifruit VOCs on pathogen conidial germination and mycelial growth. VOCs produced by kiwifruit either inoculated or not with C. luteo‐olivacea were analysed at different phenological phases by SPME/GC–MS analysis. In particular, ethanol, o‐xylene, d‐limonene and acetic acid showed a significant increase in the presence of fungal inoculation. Ethanol and d‐limonene were also detected as volatile metabolites of the pathogen. The effect of each compound (ethanol, o‐xylene, d‐limonene and acetic acid) was tested on the fungal conidial germination at different concentrations, showing a growth stimulation at lower amounts. These results show how the production of some VOCs can contribute to the knowledge of fruit–pathogen interaction in the field with the aim of developing future tools for early disease detection and consequent effective control.