A comprehensive update on genetic inheritance, epigenetic factors, associated pathology, and recent therapeutic intervention by gene therapy in schizophrenia

Author:

R Rachana1,Devtalla Harshit1,Rana Karishma1,Panda Siva Prasad2,Agrawal Arushi1,Kadyan Shreya1,Jindal Divya13,Pancham Pranav1,Yadav Deepshikha456,Jha Niraj Kumar78910,Jha Saurabh Kumar78911ORCID,Gupta Vivek12,Singh Manisha11314

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biotechnology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Research GLA University Mathura India

3. IIT Bombay Monash Research Academy, IIT – Bombay Bombay India

4. Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India

5. Physico‐Mechanical Metrology Division CSIR‐National Physical Laboratory New Delhi India

6. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India

7. Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology (SSET) Sharda University Greater Noida India

8. Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology Chandigarh University Mohali India

9. Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS) Uttaranchal University Dehradun India

10. School of Bioengineering & Biosciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara India

11. Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Saveetha University Chennai India

12. Macquarie Medical School Macquarie University (MQU) Sydney New South Wales Australia

13. Faculty of Health, Graduate School of Public Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia

14. Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM) University of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia

Abstract

AbstractSchizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which reality is interpreted abnormally by the patient. The symptoms of the disease include delusions and hallucinations, associated with extremely disordered behavior and thinking, which may affect the daily lives of the patients. Advancements in technology have led to understanding the dynamics of the disease and the identification of the underlying causes. Multiple investigations prove that it is regulated genetically, and epigenetically, and is affected by environmental factors. The molecular and neural pathways linked to the regulation of schizophrenia have been extensively studied. Over 180 Schizophrenic risk loci have now been recognized due to several genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). It has been observed that multiple transcription factors (TF) binding‐disrupting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been related to gene expression responsible for the disease in cerebral complexes. Copy number variation, SNP defects, and epigenetic changes in chromosomes may cause overexpression or underexpression of certain genes responsible for the disease. Nowadays, gene therapy is being implemented for its treatment as several of these genetic defects have been identified. Scientists are trying to use viral vectors, miRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR technology. In addition, nanotechnology is also being applied to target such genes. The primary aim of such targeting was to either delete or silence such hyperactive genes or induce certain genes that inhibit the expression of these genes. There are challenges in delivering the gene/DNA to the site of action in the brain, and scientists are working to resolve the same. The present article describes the basics regarding the disease, its causes and factors responsible, and the gene therapy solutions available to treat this disease.

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Molecular Medicine,Biochemistry,Drug Discovery,Pharmacology,Organic Chemistry

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