Dietary sodium restriction and the development of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension in young versus adult rats

Abstract

To determine the effects of moderate versus severe dietary sodium restriction on the development of 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K,1C) hypertension, young male Wistar rats were placed on diets containing 9, 26, or 101 (control) μmol sodium/g food. Three days later, a solid silver clip (i.d. 0.20 mm) was placed on the left renal artery and diets were continued up to 6 weeks. Adult rats received a 0.25-mm clip. In young clipped rats receiving the 101 μmol/g diet, blood pressure (BP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and BP response to captopril were increased as early as 1 week after clipping and increased further over time. Moderate sodium restriction (26 μmol sodium/g) led to only a slight delay in the development of hypertension; the levels of BP and PRA, the BP response to captopril, and the extent of cardiac hypertrophy achieved by 6 weeks were not different between the 2K,1C rats receiving 26 or 101 μmol sodium/g. Sodium restriction to 9 μmol/g decreased rate of growth and completely prevented the rise in BP and in left ventricular weight. At 3 and 6 weeks the severely sodium-restricted rats had significantly higher PRA levels than the 2K,1C control group. However, the BP response to captopril was attenuated relative to the other hypertensive groups. In adult rats, this level of sodium restriction had a small, but significant effect on body weight, but still prevented the increase in BP and in left ventricular weight. In conclusion, dietary sodium restriction can prevent the development of 2K,1C hypertension in both young and adult rats, but only if the restriction is severe. This effect may relate to a marked reduction in the pressor effectiveness of the renin–angiotensin system by low sodium intake per se or by associated metabolic or other changes.Key words: dietary sodium, age, renin–angiotensin system, renal hypertension, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.