The Oceanography of Hebron Fjord, Labrador

Abstract

Hebron Fjord, extending some 28 miles into the northeast coast of Labrador at about latitude 58° 10′ N., and having a sill at depth of 59 m. across its mouth, was visited at various periods during 1949, 1952 and 1954. The present paper deals with the oceanographic regime and physical environment in the fjord and adjacent coastal waters. Data on tides and currents, and on contributions of fresh water from precipitation run-off and ice melting are given. Oceanographic factors discussed include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphate, temperature–salinity relationships, and long-term trends. Ice formation as an oceanographic phenomenon is considered. Computations of thermohaline convection are made, and the effects of ice formation and exchange in determining the winter oceanographic structure are discussed. Above sill depth exchange occurs principally by horizontal movements and a flushing time of about 68 days is computed. Below sill depth exchange must involve vertical movements and occurs principally by convection in winter. Calculations of the A factors of eddy conductivity and eddy diffusivity are made. Dynamic computations of water transport are given. During winter a water temperature of −1.75 °C. exists at all levels in the fjord, rising in summer only to −1.68° at 250 m. and −1.00° at 100 m., causing the bottom waters to remain an isolated pocket of high Arctic environment during the summer and fall seasons as contrasted with the disappearance of negative temperatures down to 120 m. by mid-October outside the fjord. Inorganic phosphate increases with depth; photosynthesis maintains oxygen at super-saturation above 30 m. during summer, and the rate of oxygen consumption and renewal by vertical transport below 80 m. is calculated.