1. Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
3. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, School of Medicine, and
4. Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania