Experimental Investigation of a Modified Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation Solution for Sand Production Control Applications

Abstract

Summary Sand production is one of the major problems that can occur in an oil or gas well. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) methods have recently emerged as possible environment-friendly solutions for enhancing loose sand consolidation and preventing it from being produced with the fluids to the surface. This work explores increasing the consolidated sand strength and its treatment procedure using a modified EICP. The study also examines the characterization of precipitation generated by microorganisms using a computed tomography (CT) scan. To consolidate the sand specimen, nine different solutions were prepared. The solutions were a mixture of urea, urease, CaCl2, MgCl2, and xanthan gum in varying quantities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to determine the type of calcium carbonate (or CaCO3) polymorph. The morphology of calcium carbonate precipitation in the sand sample was visualized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The strength of consolidated samples was determined by the scratch test. The baseline EICP solution was exposed to different curing temperatures, namely, 25°C, 70°C, and 90°C. Out of these temperatures, the sample cured at 70°C showed the maximum strength, while the ones cured at 25°C demonstrated the weakest strength. This outcome emphasizes how crucial temperature control is in determining the strength development of the samples. The results highlight the importance of evaluating how varying curing temperatures affect specimen performance as well as emphasizing the need for accurate temperature control during experimental setups. Interestingly, samples made with a combination of CaCl2 and MgCl2 salts exhibited more strength when compared with EICP solutions formulated with only one type of salt. The consolidated sample that was prepared with xanthan gum with a concentration of 3 g/L showed high strength at 70°C. Notably, this technique offers a cost-effective solution compared with other methods developed to address sand production-related failures in production equipment. Furthermore, CT scans prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the characterization of microbially induced precipitation, including calcite, dolomite, and other minerals. This research underscores the professional approach in evaluating the efficacy of xanthan gum and CT scans in the context of EICP applications.