Comparison between Hadamard and canonical bases for in situ wavefront correction and the effect of ordering in compressive sensing

Abstract

In this work we compare the canonical and Hadamard bases for in situ wavefront correction of a focused Gaussian beam using a spatial light modulator (SLM). The beam is perturbed with a transparent optical element (sparse) or a random scatterer (both prevent focusing at a single spot). The phase corrections are implemented with different basis sizes ( N = 64 , 256 , 1024 , 4096 ) and the phase contribution of each basis element is measured with three-step interferometry. The field is reconstructed from the complete 3 N measurements, and the correction is implemented by projecting the conjugate phase at the SLM. Our experiments show that in general, the Hadamard basis measurements yield better corrections because every element spans the relevant area of the SLM, thus reducing the noise in the interferograms. In contrast, the canonical basis has the fundamental limitation that the area of the elements is proportional to 1 / N , and it requires dimensions that are compatible with the spatial period of the grating. In the case of the random scatterer, we only obtain reasonable corrections with the Hadamard basis and the intensity of the corrected spot increases monotonically with N , which is consistent with fast random changes in phase over small spatial scales. We also explore compressive sensing with the Hadamard basis and find that the minimum compression ratio needed to achieve corrections with similar quality to those that use the complete measurements depends on the basis ordering. The best results are achieved in the case of the Hadamard–Walsh and cake-cutting orderings. Surprisingly, in the case of the random scatterer we find that moderate compression ratios on the order of 10%–20% ( N = 4096 ) allow us to recover focused spots, although as expected, the maximum intensities increase monotonically with the number of measurements due to the non-sparsity of the signal.