Extremely large nondegenerate nonlinear index and phase shift in epsilon-near-zero materials [Invited]

Abstract

Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials have emerged as viable platforms for strong nonlinear optical (NLO) interactions. The NLO phase shift in materials exhibiting an ENZ condition is extremely large; however, direct experimental measurements of the magnitude and time dynamics of this phenomenon, particularly nondegenerate NLO phase shifts, have so far been lacking. Here, we directly measure the NLO phase shift of an Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) thin film using three different techniques. By characterizing the excitation-induced, time-resolved beam deflection (BD) of a probe beam, we measure the nondegenerate NLO effects, allowing a separate determination of the effects of excitation and probe wavelengths on the NLO phase shift as they are varied across the ENZ region. These experiments reveal that having the probe pulse centered at ENZ greatly contributes to this enhancement; however, the NLO phase shift is less sensitive to the excitation wavelength, which only slightly enhances the nonlinearity for obliquely incident TM-polarized light. We also find that the spectral shift of the probe pulse induced by the excitation follows both the magnitude and time dynamics of the NLO phase shift measured via the BD experiments. We observe large, ultrafast cross-phase modulation in agreement with a redistribution of carriers in the conduction band. Finally, using the Z-scan method, we measure the degenerate nonlinear refraction at ENZ near normal incidence. The results of all three measurements agree, revealing a gigantic sub-picosecond NLO phase shift in ITO. At its largest, we consistently measure an effective induced index change greater than the linear index.